Noise and Interference in Various Types of Communication

Noise and Interference in Various Types of Communication In communication studies and information theory, noise  refers to anything that interferes with the communication process between a speaker and an audience. It is also called interference. Noise can be external (a physical sound) or internal (a mental disturbance), and it can disrupt the communication process at any point. Another way to think of noise, says Alan Jay Zaremba, is as a factor that reduces the chances of successful communication but does not guarantee failure. (Crisis Communication: Theory and Practice, 2010) Noise is like second-hand smoke, says Craig E. Carroll, having negative impacts on people without anyones consent. (The Handbook of Communication and Corporate Reputation, 2015) Examples and Observations External noises are sights, sounds and other stimuli that draw peoples attention away from the message. For instance, a pop-up advertisement may draw your attention away from a web page or blog. Likewise, static or service interruptions can play havoc in cell phone conversations, the sound of a fire engine may distract you from a professors lecture or the smell of donuts may interfere with your train of thought during a conversation with a friend. (Kathleen Verderber, Rudolph Verderber, and Deanna Sellnows, Communicate! 14th ed. Wadsworth Cengage 2014) Kinds of Noise There are four kinds of noise. Physiological noise is a distraction caused by hunger, fatigue, headaches, medication and other factors that affect how we feel and think. Physical noise is interference in our environments, such as noises made by others, overly dim or bright lights, spam and pop-up ads, extreme temperatures, and crowded conditions. Psychological noise refers to qualities in us that affect how we communicate and interpret others. For instance, if you are preoccupied with a problem, you may be inattentive at a team meeting. Likewise, prejudice and defensive feelings can interfere with communication. Finally, semantic noise exists when words themselves are not mutually understood. Authors sometimes create semantic  noise by using jargon  or unnecessarily technical language. (Julia T. Wood, Interpersonal Communication: Everyday Encounters, 6th ed. Wadsworth 2010) Noise in Rhetorical Communication Noise...refers to any element that interferes  with the generation of the intended meaning in the mind of the receiver...Noise may arise in the source, in the channel; or in the receiver. This factor of  noise  is not an essential part of the rhetorical  communication process. The  communication process  is always hampered to some degree if noise is present. Unfortunately, noise is almost always present. As a cause of failure in rhetorical communication, noise in the receiver is second only to noise in the source. Receivers of rhetorical communication are people, and no two people are exactly alike. Consequently, it is impossible for the source to determine the exact effect that a message will have upon a given receiver...The noise within the receiver- the psychology of the receiver- will determine to a great extent what the receiver will perceive. (James C McCroskey, An Introduction to Rhetorical Communication: A Western Rhetorical Perspective, 9th ed.; Routledge, 2016) Noise in Intercultural Communication For effective communication in an intercultural interaction, participants must rely on a common language, which usually means that one or more individuals will not be using their native tongue. Native fluency in a second language is difficult, especially when nonverbal behaviors are considered. People who use another language will often have an accent or might misuse a word or phrase, which can adversely affect the receivers understanding of the message. This type of distraction referred to as semantic noise, also encompasses jargon, slang  and even specialized professional terminology. (Edwin R. McDaniel et al., Understanding Intercultural Communication: The Working Principles. Intercultural Communication: A Reader, 12th ed., ed. by Larry A Samovar, Richard E Porter and Edwin R McDaniel, Wadsworth, 2009)

Chicago Referencing †Citing a Website (Proofread My Paper)

Chicago Referencing – Citing a Website Chicago Referencing – Citing a Website Once you get past all the lolcats and memes, the internet actually has a few useful educational resources. See? You cant get away from those feline sneaks.(Photo: Jerry7171/AmosWolfe) As such, knowing how to cite a website is vital when researching a college paper online. In this post, we look at how to do this using Chicago referencing. Citations Overview The Chicago Manual of Style suggests two ways of citing sources: parenthetical author-date citations and a notes and bibliography system. In both cases, citations of websites â€Å"can often be limited to a mention in the text.† However, since demonstrating your ability to cite sources is important in academic writing, it’s usually best to give a formal reference. Author-Date Citations With the author-date system, you should cite sources in the main text of your paper. The information required for a website is the author’s surname/authorial organization and a year of publication: Heidegger was born in Messkirch, Germany (Wheeler 2011). If no date of publication is available, the year the page was last modified or a date of access can be given. In the reference list, the information to include for a website is as follows: Author Surname, First Name. Year of Publication/Last Modification. â€Å"Page Title.† Site Name. Accessed Month Day, Year. URL. The site cited above would therefore appear in the reference list as: Wheeler, Michael. 2011. â€Å"Martin Heidegger.† Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Accessed September 8, 2016. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/heidegger/. Notes and Bibliography For the notes and bibliography version of Chicago referencing, citations are given in footnotes. The first time you cite a website, the footnote should include the page’s name, publication information and the URL. If an author is named, you should give this information too: n. First Name Last Name, â€Å"Page Title,† Site Name, Publication Date and/or Date of Access, URL. Repeat citations of the same source can then be shortened to just the author surname and page title, as follows: 1. Michael Wheeler, â€Å"Martin Heidegger,† Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, October 12, 2011, accessed September 8, 2016, http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/heidegger/. 2. â€Å"Chapter 6: Curriculum: Philosophy – Martin Heidegger,† The Book of Life, accessed September 10, 2016, thebookoflife.org/the-great-philosophers-martin-heidegger/. 3. Wheeler, â€Å"Martin Heidegger.† 4. â€Å"Chapter 6: Curriculum: Philosophy – Martin Heidegger.† Finally, all cited sources should be added to a bibliography at the end of your document. The entry for a website here is similar to the first footnote. The only differences are the order of the authors names and the punctuation: Last Name, First Name. â€Å"Page Title.† Site Name. Publication Date and/or Date of Access. URL. If no author was listed for a page, use the site/organization name instead. You would therefore list the websites cited above as follows: The Book of Life. â€Å"Chapter 6: Curriculum: Philosophy – Martin Heidegger.† Accessed September 10, 2016. thebookoflife.org/the-great-philosophers-martin-heidegger/. Wheeler, Michael. â€Å"Martin Heidegger.† Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. October 12, 2011. Accessed September 8, 2016. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/heidegger/. The information available from websites can vary, so the important thing is to provide enough detail to make the site and page used easily identifiable.

To What Extent are Single Mothers a Drag on Society Essay

To What Extent are Single Mothers a Drag on Society - Essay Example This has been mainly because of the fact that a large number of single mothers also have to work to earn a living for their children and despite having jobs, it has been found that it is still difficult for them to make ends meet. Â  Studies that have been conducted in recent years have shown that the presence of a father in a child’s life is extremely important in ensuring that they develop in a proper environment where they feel safe. However, the lack of paternal presence in the lives of children can be very difficult for these children and it has been found that a large number of children brought up by single mothers end up being delinquents. This is mainly because of the fact that many mothers are often out working in order to make ends meet and because they have no partner to spend time with the children and guide them when they are away, it creates a situation where children come into the influence of their peers (Son & Bauer, 2010). The result is that a large number of children end up getting involved in drug abuse and crime from an early age and this is because of the mental deficiency that comes about because of the lack of one parent. While it is highly commendable for single mothers to work hard to support their children, this is often also counterproductive because they spend too much time from their children, ensuring that there is a lack of communication between them (Christopher, England, Smeeding & Katherin, 2002). This is where the presence of a father is important because even though both parents may work, at least one of them will be able to spare time to spend with the children and this makes it possible for the children to appreciate their presence. In addition, the presence of two working parents ensures that there is more income for the family, resulting in less need to work long hours to make ends meet.

Does TV Increase Violence among Children and Teenagers Annotated Bibliography

Does TV Increase Violence among Children and Teenagers - Annotated Bibliography Example The document suggest that media companies take responsibilities of making sure the media does not get into the wrong hands of a child who should not be viewing the media. The document uses statistics strongly to prove that violence is not related to media such as violence on Television. The statistics show that as violence in media becomes more popular, homicide rates go down. Video Games are a big factor for the way violence is portrayed in media. The video game Grand Theft Auto San Andreas is profiled in the document. The video game shows scenes of violence, sexuality, drug use and even racial comments. The document seems to argument strongly that violent media does not influence violent behavior in children and teen youth. There are mainly statistics that favor the chosen argument. The article stresses the need to protect children and teens from weapons and other violent objects. Many media sources claim to market their products to an age group that is appropriate for the game. Th e arguments presented in the document are by far favorable to the fact that violent media is not subject to children, but many can argue the fact. Â  Anonymous. "Is exposure to media violence a public-health risk?." Lancet 9619(2008):1137. eLibrary. Web. 17 Feb. 2011. This article focuses on the danger of violent images and games. Some games show constant violence. The violence shown is a harmful exposure to children and teens. Children and young teens can be traumatized by the images of killing and violence. It is obvious that the article is suggesting that there is some sort of a regulation put on the violence that is portrayed in the media. The need for a regulation is important to minimize the amount of violence young children see. The article focuses on the importance that the television and the internet can give educational material. Aside from being able to provide educational material, there are also dangerous exposures to violent images and events. The images that are able to be viewed on the internet can have devastating affects on a child. The focus on this is to explain how important it is to regulate what children and teens are able to view in the media. The exposure is not just a risk for children and teens. The general public is at risk for health issues from all of these violent images. The article is from the United Kingdom and often references the United States. This reference to the United States explains how the violence is highly publicized more than in other countries. The article is summed up by stating that there really is no way to place blame on a certain violent media. However, it is suggested that more studies need to be performed to link violent media with violent behavior. MICHAEL PAUL WILLIAMS. "DANGEROUS MESSAGES? MEDIA VIOLENCE ABOUNDS; SO DOES DEBATE ON ITS EFFECTS." Richmond Times-Dispatch. 13 Oct. 1994: A-1. eLibrary. Web. 17 Feb. 2011. The facts recognized in the document are quite alarming. Facts show that the average chi ld may witness 8,000- 100,000 murders just from watching television. For many that amount is way too much and shows that there is a large need for change. These facts do not also factor in other media such as games and the internet. The harmful effects that these images have on children can change the way the children act dramatically. The debate also expresses the type of children that are likely going to be viewing the violent media. It is stated that children

Palliative and Hospice for End of Life Care Essay Example for Free

Palliative and Hospice for End of Life Care Essay The notion of death and the process of dying are often experienced as tragedies, especially in the western culture. Thus, the medical model of care performed in our western culture includes life-saving measures and curative treatments. However, there may be a time in a person’s life when a cure may no longer be an option. That is the time when palliative or hospice care can step in to afford the patient and the family the opportunity to maximize the remaining time spent together. This paper will compare and contrast palliative care with the hospice model. In addition, end-of-life care related to physical well-being, psychological well-being, social well-being, and spiritual well-being will be addressed based on my experience as a student nurse with Hospice of San Joaquin. Finally, the views of end-of-life care will be discussed as it relates to the hospice model. Palliative care and hospice care share a common thread. They are both models of care that take a holistic and individualized approach to anticipate and alleviate the symptoms and suffering that arise from chronic and terminal illnesses (Witt Sherman, D. , Cheon, J. , 2012). They both encompass the patient and family as the center of care and provide comprehensive assessments and comfort measures to patients with terminal illnesses. The care continues past the death of the patient and can continue into the bereavement period for family. Hospice will continue to support the bereaved family up to one year past the death of the patient (Hospice of San Joaquin, 2010). Both models utilize an interdisciplinary approach to care with team members that include physicians, nurses, social workers, spiritual members, massage therapists, and home health aids and others. Palliative care can be utilized during any time during the course of an illness and disease process. The cost of cure can be extensive and both palliative and hospice care limit medical interventions that can significantly increase healthcare costs. Data substantiating improved quality of life for the patient and the families as well as improved coordination of care have been identified as valuable outcomes in both palliative and hospice care (Hospice of San Joaquin, 2010). Both models allow for services to be provided in the home, in extended care facilities, hospitals, and community home-based programs and outpatient clinics (Witt Sherman, D. , Cheon, J. , 2012). The differences between the programs are centered on the time the care is available. Palliative care is available during any point of the illness from time of diagnosis through the bereavement period for families. In addition, palliative care may be offered while life-prolonging treatments are being administered (Witt Sherman, D. Cheon, J. , 2012). Hospice care is available during the end of life and typically, but not always, takes place the last six months of the patient’s life. If the dying process exceeds six months, hospice care can be suspended and restarted when the patient’s life expectancy falls below six months (Hospice of San Joaquin, 2010). Hospice care may be offered in all settings previously mentioned, as well as hospice units and residential hospices (Witt Sherman, D. , Cheon, J. , 2012).

Poems :: Poems

Poems Change Certain things vary everyday, tides lap various portions of sandy gold and land is illuminated and darkened with clock like accuracy. Like cammilions, hills and land periodically display their transient colors with no regard to its inhabitants needs, preferences or even life. Everyday change, insignificant, expected and unshoking when it occurs, no emotional distress or even flickers of eye lids. Those firecrackers of life, however, sting with flaming relentless pain as if being attached by legions of jelly fish intent on wreaking havoc. Like all wounds, the stings heal, but not without hours upon hours of termites gnawing on the brain, infesting every thought with the jelly fish stings. One asks, why must they experience firecrackers, they didn't light the fuse, why should they endure the relentless stings And mind gouging termites? Left or Right? Crime, or right of choice disdained by others- From different eyes, colors change and evils shift. On the right stand pillars, stern, intrenched in dogma drilled in from the crib, etched like the Grand Canyon. In which evil is evil and good is good, it is written, it is said and so it shall proceed- What isn't broken in some eyes doesn't require fixing- Apposed, left winged donkeys flying for an utopian dream existing only in books fashioned by scholars, where right is that which causes no harm, choices aren't made illegal based on perspective and not adversity. As long as grey haired tablets continue to decree antiquated perceptions, no person, of any soil, con revel in the exalted presence of true Liberty. Reality If ever there was an ambiguous word, one which is entirely defined individually it would be reality. Where one person sees pleasure and serenity, another sees blatant sin and sloth and yet another is completely indifferent. One hears the mention of god and falls to his knees in obedient fear, while someone else grimaces at the mindless dogma. Viewing a santa figuring evokes good memories for one and rips through another with recollections of a traumatic, life altering winter experience. For everyone, different events and feelings lead to a separate reality for all, one's revulsion will always be another's pleasures. Sentience How grand a thing it would be, Poems :: Poems Poems Change Certain things vary everyday, tides lap various portions of sandy gold and land is illuminated and darkened with clock like accuracy. Like cammilions, hills and land periodically display their transient colors with no regard to its inhabitants needs, preferences or even life. Everyday change, insignificant, expected and unshoking when it occurs, no emotional distress or even flickers of eye lids. Those firecrackers of life, however, sting with flaming relentless pain as if being attached by legions of jelly fish intent on wreaking havoc. Like all wounds, the stings heal, but not without hours upon hours of termites gnawing on the brain, infesting every thought with the jelly fish stings. One asks, why must they experience firecrackers, they didn't light the fuse, why should they endure the relentless stings And mind gouging termites? Left or Right? Crime, or right of choice disdained by others- From different eyes, colors change and evils shift. On the right stand pillars, stern, intrenched in dogma drilled in from the crib, etched like the Grand Canyon. In which evil is evil and good is good, it is written, it is said and so it shall proceed- What isn't broken in some eyes doesn't require fixing- Apposed, left winged donkeys flying for an utopian dream existing only in books fashioned by scholars, where right is that which causes no harm, choices aren't made illegal based on perspective and not adversity. As long as grey haired tablets continue to decree antiquated perceptions, no person, of any soil, con revel in the exalted presence of true Liberty. Reality If ever there was an ambiguous word, one which is entirely defined individually it would be reality. Where one person sees pleasure and serenity, another sees blatant sin and sloth and yet another is completely indifferent. One hears the mention of god and falls to his knees in obedient fear, while someone else grimaces at the mindless dogma. Viewing a santa figuring evokes good memories for one and rips through another with recollections of a traumatic, life altering winter experience. For everyone, different events and feelings lead to a separate reality for all, one's revulsion will always be another's pleasures. Sentience How grand a thing it would be,

Aztec Culture

Research Paper: Aztec Culture The Aztec culture dates all the way back to the 13th century. Some say that a few Aztec people still survive, although they are not exactly â€Å"pure. † Their culture was derived from South America. In this research paper the plan is to inform and explain to the teacher that the Aztec were an impressive group of people for their time period because they were so advanced in science, agriculture and were far more civilized than people from other regions had assumed during that time period. What caused the collapse of such a refined empire?Moving on to government and political systems, the Aztec people’s started off with what is called the Calpulli – the basic unit of government. Each group is made up of multiple families and these families own land together. Whoever is made the leader of the Calpulli group is in charge and responsible for all the needs of everyone in the group. They set up what is called telpochalli – school fo r the common citizens. Leaders of these groups collect taxes as well. Although in cities the Calpulli leader is less family based and more about the region and surroundings (Cotrill).The next section of their government goes on to the nobility and councils. People in the nobility and council held a lot of power in society but they were not automatically put in government positions. Every city had a Calpulli and each Calpulli has a leader. All of the leaders from each group made up a council, these held a lot of the power in their government system. In the early to middle 1400s there were 3 main city-states that held the most power. The 3 city-states together were called the â€Å"Triple Alliance,† which was located in Mexico Valley. Each of these had a name; there was, Tenochtitlan, Texaco, and Tlacopan.Tenochtitlan came to dominate the whole empire itself. For each council an executive council is formed within it. Four members are chosen to lead; one of these chosen members is the tlatcani – leader of the city. Finally we come to the Huey Tlatcani which means â€Å"great speaker. † This person led the city, and was worshipped as a god and also considered the emperor (Cotrill). The emperor was supported by judges, governors, hosts of other officials, and priests. Even though the emperor was given â€Å"absolute power† in some sort of form, sometimes people also had a say. Emperors were chosen in a partially democratic system, meaning they ould be removed from power at any time. Archaeologists and historians are unsure of how any certain Aztec person was chosen to get the position of Huey Tlatcani. It was not hereditary but it did have something to do with family lines. The control of the Aztec empire did not go everywhere in Mexico. Lands that the Aztec people conquered and claimed as their own did have to pay a price of tribute to them, but still had a certain amount of freedom. The gain of land was accomplished by warriors making attacks on surrounding areas, where they also took sacrificial prisoners.Most of the time, when villages, towns or cities were captured by the Aztec, it was an incentive bringing more trade and better goods to be traded along with infrastructure. So where in history did the Aztec contribute to us? Well to start, they didn’t have twenty different ones, they had about 5. The first one of these is onions and horses and this is not technically an invention or contribution but it was introduced to them by the Spaniards. Education was not seen as a â€Å"must† or a â€Å"need† by most countries during their time, yet the Aztec people made it mandatory.Unlike in countries today there are rules and regulations to education. In some countries you can’t go to school if you are a girl, yet in others it doesn’t matter what sex you are. Black, white, poor, rich, middle class, low class, it didn’t matter to the Aztec. School was for everyone (Cotrill). An other thing introduced was popcorn, yes, popcorn. It was first used by the Aztec people for head dresses and for honoring the God of Maize and Fertility; this god is also named Tlaloc. This item was not eaten until years later and was mainly popular for Aztec use only.Foods are important in understanding cultures a second from the Aztec was chocolate. Where would you be today without it? This item was exceedingly valued by them and was used as a currency. They also demanded cacao beans which played a part in the tributes they made to their gods. A drink was made from the chocolate that the Aztec called â€Å"xocoatl† – meaning bitter water, this word was actually invented by the Aztec people themselves (Cotrill). The Aztec culture brought about chewing gum and instead of calling it gum or something of the sort they called it â€Å"chicle† which is what some Mexican vendors still all it today. Although, when the Spaniards showed up they destroyed their trading ro utes and the gum or â€Å"chicle† disappeared with it. The item didn’t show back up for another 350 years. Aztec people were actually good with medicine and knew some things about it. For the time period they were living in they were considered to be advanced. One of the main things they had used for medicine was called â€Å"antispasmodic medicine† this helped to prevent muscle spasms. It could be useful during surgeries and was made from what is still growing today and that is a passion flower.The passion flower is still used as an herbal remedy which is believed to help insomnia, high blood pressure, and epilepsy. The Aztec culture was not a poor one. The Aztec were simple in clothing, but not in economy. They were very rich as a country and would have been considered a first world country. Though their culture seemed simple since they wore little and lived simple lives they were very smart, Aztec people knew of value, and of money. Cocoa beans were the main form of money, which was used the most. A single rabbit would cost 30 cocoa beans.Something common in their trading system was to trade a child, most likely a daughter, for 600 cocoa beans. This should not come as a surprise since they also made human sacrifices to honor their gods. There was another type of money used, though not as often. It was treasured by the Aztec people and was highly valued. This form of money was called â€Å"quachtli†. Quachtli is a type of cloth used to make clothes. Legends say that during the time of the Aztec 10 pieces of this cloth was enough to support an Aztec for 6 months in the big city of Tenochtitlan (Cotrill).Trade was a major source of the Aztec’s income. The biggest trading market was located in Tlatelco. The Tlatelco had a large variety of goods which made it the most accommodating for people, over 60,000 came per day to visit. Whatever you wanted or needed was found here, cloth, corn, seeds, spices, pottery, etc. Not all villa gers grew crops which led to other Aztec people being able to specialize in other trades. Some of the trades included were feather workers, stone workers, lapidary, and metallurgy workers. The economy of this culture came to a slow halt as soon as the Spaniards arrived.They destroyed trading routes, cities, took control, and made rules. Fighting with the Spaniards caused the Aztec people no time to grow crops and this was the start of the downturn for their economy. A somewhat discussed subject that we’re moving forward on is the social system of the Aztec people. They did not have very complex social system, just two main groups. The first group is the higher ranked of the two. Nobles, which were called pipiltin and pilli for singular usage made up the higher status people of the Aztec culture.The people in this group received a more extent education than other people in the culture. Also, these people were allowed to decorate their houses to their choosing and wear superior clothes compared to that of the average people of the town, village, or community they were living in. Nobles mostly held places in the office of government, but not all, some were craftsmen of different sorts, and a few were even the palace servants. Even if they were given a lower ranked area of work it was possible to move up to a new or more suited position just by doing a good job at what was presently assigned.Second to the Nobles were the Commoners or what were called by the Aztec; macehualli, which these were the people who worked the land of the area. Not all people worked the land, albeit some were stuck working land forever you could also move up a bit in this class with some hard work. The poor of this class could sell themselves and become a slave, eventually working off their debt. Slaves were not treated badly at all, they even had laws that firmly protected them. Commoners also included craftsmen and merchants.The merchants were given more opportunity and could trav el, sell, trade, and were given more respect than most in this class. Soldiers can be included in both classes because even if they started out at a low rank they could work their way up to being a noble, and become a pilli. The classification of the Aztec culture is fairly simple. They were rich. Aztec people possessed many, many, manyimportant goods that you could not easily get around the world. Being a first world country was not exactly and easy task.Unbeknownst to them though, was that they had predators lurking in the shadows (Spaniards) that wanted their gold, cocoa beans, and much more. Their society and area was highly valued. Plus, the land they lived on was not known by many people and had not been explored. Aztec people were civilized, eminent, smart, cunning, and ethical, but their empire did fall. Not all things last forever as history shows us. Spaniards eventually came in search of new land and treasures such as gold, upon which they found the Aztec people. Invaded on November of 1519 the Aztec people welcomed the Spaniards.Cortes was a Spanish conquistador looking to conquer them. At first, the outcome looked to be in the favor of the Aztec people, but because their religion called for sacrificing hundreds to thousands of people they lost many of their own that could have been used in battle. The Spaniards brought the smallpox disease with them, which was not purposely but did favor Cortes’ side when the time came for battle. Twenty-five percent of the Aztec people died from smallpox. By 1520 the Aztec people were low on food, and still dying of the smallpox disease, eventually it claimed their emperor’s life.In 1521 Cortes finally conquered them and they surrendered. In conclusion, even though the pure Aztec race was ruined by a change in their culture from the Spaniards’ invasion there are descendants left, but with little Aztec blood in them. The legends told, pottery, huts, temples, and much more still remain in Mexic o. Life in their society was very well planned and put together, yet when the Spaniards arrived that all changed. Disease, death, famine, and much more caused them to lose hold of their culture. They went from being the richest in their country to being slaves and commoners to the Spaniard conquistadores.A lot of their culture was destroyed with the invasion so most researchers have little to go on. The possibilities of how different their society would have been if the Spaniards were defeated, or had never come into contact with the Aztec people are infinite. References â€Å"Aztec Economy. † edublogs. edublog, 9 Mar. 2011. google. Web. 10 Oct. 2011. . (Aztec Economy edublog) â€Å"Aztec: Economic and Trade System. † PLU. Pacific Lutheran University, n. d. google. Web. 10 Oct. 2011. . (Pacific Lutheran University) Baquedano, Elizabeth. Aztec, Inca, and Maya. : Eyewitness Books, 1993. Baquedano) Cottrill, Jaime. Aztec-History. Ed. Jaime Cottrill. , 2006. Google. Web. 1 0 Oct. 2011. . (Cotrill) Outline I. Intro a. Aztec Culture b. In this research paper the plan is to inform and explain to the teacher that the Aztec were an impressive group of people for their time period because they were so advanced in science, agriculture and were far more civilized than people from other regions had assumed during that time period. II. Political System III. Major Contributions to Human History IV. Economy V. Social System VI. Classification VII. Reasons for Success/Destruction VIII. Conclusion

The Evolution Of American Slavery

Indentured servitude was, in Colonial America, one of the first forms of slavery. Indentured servitude was a successful in that it gave both the master and servant, or slave, incentive to do their job. Indentured servants were contracted in for a period of time, typically five years, in which at the time of completion they received freedom dues. Freedom dues were money, land, and guns and such. All expenses of travel and living were paid by the master, so it seemed like a great plan for a poor Englishmen, but was not at all the case. Only forty percent of indentured reverts lived to complete their contracts.Following indentured servants, the first African slaves came into Virginia in 1619. Colonial America would soon fall dependent upon African slaves, and by 1 700 African slave establishment would nearly entirely replace indentured servants. In this year there were around 27,81 7 slaves. In 1740, there were 1 50,024 slaves. Within thirty years after the slave population had grown to nearly a fifth of the colonial population, at 462,000. The European demand for tobacco soon became a primary drive for slaveholders. It is estimated that between 1700 and 1 775 theChesapeake slave population grew from 1 to 1 million. Tobacco became a major economic factor, and slaves were needed to farm the large amounts desired to export. This brought a higher demand for slaves as well. The population of saves began to grow everywhere. As slave numbers increased, so the racial difference between blacks and whites. Slaves had poor conditions most of the timer and in result came revolts and abolition movements. The most well known revolt was led by Nat Turner, a slave and preacher. The revolt was a short and bloody attack on Southampton County, Virginia.Revolts were usually covered before they ever actually took action. Acts like these were not tolerated, and all people involved were to be hung. Cases were brought to the Supreme Court in the defense of and removal of slavery. Cases backing the removal of slavery usually lost. One example was the Dried Scott Case. It was ruled that Congress did not have the right to ban slavery in the states, and also stated that slaves were not citizens so therefore held no rights in America. Slavery was eventually abolished completely by President Lincoln issuing the Emancipation Proclamation and the declaring of the ThirteenthAmendment. Although Lincoln was assassinated before it was passed, it was passed and put into effect soon after the Civil War. The evolution of slavery in America was a long and complicated issue. From Start to finish, slavery had its perks and downfalls. It was a unfortunate institution for many, and brought many differences throughout its expansion and growth. However, it was necessary in the upbringing of the United States, and so was its abolishment. We still the effects of our past today, and perhaps always will as long as it is studied, as it should.

Global Cosmetic Industries Essays

Global Cosmetic Industries Essays Global Cosmetic Industries Essay Global Cosmetic Industries Essay Global Cosmetic Industries In the world of globalization with unstable economic situation most of the investors looking for more stable market place to invest for long term. Selecting an appropriate market place with the concern of risk associate with it is a vital task for any investor. Global Cultural Revolution makes all cultural consumers to move into standardized product rather then using local products. Europe and America already achieved a well structure cosmetics and toiletries market where competition is quite high on the other hand emerging market like India and china has a huge base of consumer for international cosmetics and toiletries products. Now a day’s women and man from Asia pacific are more interest in buying global brands for their health and beauty products. Cosmetics and toiletries market is a growth oriented market for which emerging market is the right place to go. In 2003, the world market for cosmetics and toiletries was valued at US$201 billion, up 4. % from 2002. Hair care maintains its global sales amounting to US$42. 4 billion in 2003. (Briney, 2004b). According to Global Cosmetic Industry report (August, 2004) the big three multinationals Procter Gamble, LOreal and Unilever all have played a critical role in developing the  cosmetics  and  toiletries  industry in Asia-Pacific, especially in the emerging markets of China, India and Indonesia. In 2005, Asia-Pacific cosmetic and  toiletries  market saw positive economic indicators and its highest recorded growth in five years. : Manufacturers have been focusing on the opportunities offered by the BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China). UK: UK has a well structured consumer and market place for cosmetics and toiletries. At the movement cosmetic and toiletries are on the top of product growth cycle and consumers are spending on expensive products. In UK Competition is fierce in both manufacturing and retailing the premium and mass markets. Companies spend to protecting their upmarket brands. The growing involvement of grocery chains in non-food sectors is continuing to exert downward pressure on prices of mass-market cosmetics as they tend to be centred on seasonal sales. As a result a Considerable investment is necessary to bring new cosmetics and toiletries products to the market and to maintain their high profile, and the failure rate of new cosmetic and toiletries products is high in such a competitive market. Householders have been hit by recent crises in interest rates and increased household bills, are likely to be cutting back on spending, particularly on products of luxury market. Recent recession is making consumer to spend less for health and beauty products. For this reason new investment in this sector is a question to consider. Manufacturers are increasingly looking to the emerging markets of Brazil, Russia, India, Mexico and China for expansion plans. China: In contrast to UK, China’s cosmetics market, the second largest in Asia Pacific after Japan, is witnessing increased demand due to improving lifestyles and rising disposable income of the Chinese population. China has a large populace in the age group of 15 to 59 years, which is considered more fashion-conscious who have diversified needs. Consumer of china prefers their won beauty product than foreign brand. In China, for high duty the customs add 60% to the cost of goods, and they Compare western countries and China on cosmetics preference. Fake Goods is another problem for multinationals in china, which damage their brand image and difficult to distinguish between originals and fake one. However, the level of development of the market is still very low. Although several domestic firms are present, foreign companies dominate the market. L’Oreal has the largest market share in China. As a result china already has a fierce competition. India: Indian cosmetics and toiletries manufacturing Industry, 2010 is valuable for anyone who wants to invest and take advantage of lower costs in India, to get market shares as India is boosting its domestic needs; to forecast the future of the world economy as India is leading the way. India has emerged as a highly potential global outsourcing and solutions provider for consumer products  and general merchandise. India has always kept her stand in global competition right from the beginning for finished products such as cosmetics and toiletries. The Indian cosmetics industry is growing the average annual spending of Indian consumers in 2005 is just over US$3 which saw its value share rising from 27% in 1999 to 31% in 2005 and is likely to continue to surge ahead over the forecast period. The total size of the  Indian  retail beauty and cosmetics market is currently estimated at $950 million [Color cosmetics account for 14%, Fragrances 21%, Haircare 19%, Skin care 17%, Beauty services 13%, Herbal products 9%, others 7%]. The overall beauty and wellness market, which includes beauty services, is $2. 68 billion. India is being targeted by global cosmetic giants due to its favourable demographics. The modern, urban Indian women are becoming increasingly conscious about their style and looks. Skin care and color cosmetics have witnessed solid growth for the last few years, In India. Consumers like lower cost and the chance to try new products. Indias cosmetics and toiletries industry is tipped to grow 27 percent over 2006-2011, according to Euro monitor, due to the countrys strong economic performance and youthful demographic structure. New policies and sectors such as Special Economic Zones cut outs completely Tax burdens and overheads in India. With concerning the growing Indian economic and diverse consumer base, acquisition of Dabur India limited would be a promising investment. For acquisition risk assessment and management is vital issue. One of the prominent cosmetic and toiletries Company is Dabur India limited. Dabur India Limited is one of the leading consumer goods companies with interests in healthcare, personal care and toiletries. Dabur is a classic case of a family owned business being handed over to professionals. It is a company making timely strategic interventions to adapt to the business environment and maintaining its brand equity over the years with a turn over of more than Rs. 2. 23 crores, by offers the widest product range and strongest distribution network. Acquisition of Dabur India would be the best option for the investors. Investors need to maintain its local brand image also should have some concern about its main competitors like Hul, Godrej Consumer, Gillette India, Godrej Ind, Colgate, Emami, P and G and so on. Criticism: Though cosmetic and toiletries industry is a growth oriented industry, it facing lots of criticism from environmentalist group. Unilever, Revlon, Avon and Johnson Johnson, yet none of them has denied purchasing talc from the Golcha Group whose biggest mine has been operating illegally for 15 years. Many protected areas and sanctuaries across India suffer from the effects of mining. The Indian Government has a responsibility to ensure that its valuable wildlife reserves are protected. The loss of watersheds causes a lot of unnecessary suffering to local communities. Political system is thoroughly corrupt. India has been sending mixed signals to investors by changing it tax and tariff policies without notice. Sales taxes are levied by individual states which vary from state to state. This complex sales tax structure can sometimes be a deterrent to foreign investors. Conclusion: A strong brand promotional campaign, good distribution network, constant product innovation and quality improvement, and the ability to provide a variety of quality products are some of the major reasons for the success of Dabur India limited. In the future, Dabur india need to increase the amount of natural ingredients used in their products in order to satisfy consumers. At the same time, Dubar need to dedicate huge marketing budgets to promoting the natural aspects of their products. Risk  management is a continuous process that identifies risks; analyzes their impact and prioritizes them; develops and carries out plans for  risk  mitigation, acceptance, or other action. India has less risk factor for foreign investment with more institutionalised political, economic and business situation which is favourable for any foreign investors. Recommendations: Action need to be taken by investors to upgrade Dabur’s brand image nationally and internationally. More camping and advertising would help to improve Dabur’s brand image As India has diverse cultural background Dabur India need to bring more diversity in its products mix and adaptation process. On the other hand standardization is required for global market and huge return to its shareholders and stakeholders. Efficient management is the key to success in this diverse business environment. Dabur’s need to give more emphasizes in research and development of new product. A combination of local and foreign expertises is required for successful business where investors should avid by the low and regulation of health and safety of its employees. Accusation could be a challenging job to do. So from management to advertising all aspect of business needs to monitor closely. Investor should comply with the political, legal, social, economical, environmental, ethical and religious issues as well as its shareholders and stakeholders. Consumer behaviour is The study of individuals, groups, or organizations and the processes they use to select, secure, use, and dispose of products, services, experiences, or ideas to satisfy needs and the impacts that these processes have on the consumer and society. In cosmetics and Toiletries consumer behaviour involves the use and disposal of cosmetics products as well as the study of how they are purchased. Product use is often of great interest to the marketer, because this may influence how a product is best positioned or how we can encourage increased cosmetics and toiletries consumption. As a foreign investor, entering into a new market normally entails a great commitment of resource on consumer trends which is difficult to be recovered or transferred when the measure fails due to adopting a wrong trend in consumer behaviour. Consumer trends in the cosmetics and toiletries industry: The changes in cosmetics and toiletries consumption patterns are largely driven by income growth and demographic factors, particularly lifestyle changes brought about by urbanization, away-from-home employment of women, and increased levels of information while income growth, which affects the purchasing power of consumers, is one of the most important factors contributing to demand changes. Cosmetics and toiletries are not just the domain of women any longer and men too are increasingly taking to the use of more and more body sprays, perfumes and other cosmetics and toiletries. With rising demand from men, the market is getting enlarged and many players are coming out with cosmetic and toiletries products around the world. UK: In UK, National Statistics confirm that expenditure on beauty products and treatments is discretionary and tied in with disposable income; the 10% of households in the lowest gross income group spend a weekly average of just ? 3. 50 compared with those in the highest income group who spent an average of ? 19. 40 in 2005/2006. However, trends in consumer behaviour on cosmetic products and fragrances in UK is high. Younger respondents tend to use products more than older respondents so ostensibly, the UKs ageing population does not bode well for the industry. Which means consumers are moat likely set with there choice and brands. It is a fact, nevertheless, that in UK older people maintains a pride in their appearance and frequently has the disposable income to indulge in premium products. So consumers increasingly expanding their ranges to suit different skin textures and colourings. UK consumers looking for quality choose expensive brands as they feel that price is an indicator of quality. Today more and more consumers are selective on the high quality of the products or services so consumers are sensitive and prefer to buy value for money where low or standard quality cosmetics are dying. UK socialites belong to the upper class. They prefer to shop in specialty stores, go to clubs on weekends, and spend a good amount on luxury goods. Socialites are also very branding conscious and would go only for the best known in the market. So consumer’s expectation is setup highly on quality cosmetics where less intension to try new product also. China: Cosmetics have been around China almost as long as Traditional Chinese Medicine, which dates back some 5000 years. However, during the past several centuries, beauty standards and socio-political norms have changed the small perception of what is beautiful. However still there is a backward trend in consumer behaviour in Chinese cosmetics tradition. In China, the Tang Dynasty, a variety of essential oils were used as perfumes and an abundance of collared lip balms and white facial powders were in fashion. And of course the Qing dynasty promoted feet binding. Not that the latter has any direct correlation with cosmetics, but it does illustrate an odd trend in the long history of beauty and fashion. In June of 2005, one of China’s major newspapers, China Daily, wrote an article titled, â€Å"Chinese Women Go Crazy for Local Cosmetics. † This means strong negative consumer behaviour for international brand. There is a strong interest for bio cosmetics and products in Chinese consumers: natural product made from fruits and vegetables that would use few chemicals that would be safer and give better results on skin. A lot of young Chinese start to pay attention to this concept; they are looking for natural products, without too many chemicals, because they are efficient. Chemicals in cosmetics is likely dishonoured by Chinese people where most of the foreign manufacturers doing it. India: In India, over the years, as a result of the increasing literacy in the country, exposure to the west, satellite television, foreign magazines and newspapers, there is a significant increase of consumer  awareness in cosmetics and toiletries. Apart from psychology and economics, the role of history and tradition in shaping the Indian  consumer  behaviour is quite unique. Perhaps, only in  India, one sees traditional products along side modern products. For example, hair oils and tooth powder existing with shampoos and toothpaste. The success of contestants from India at various well known international beauty pageants in the last few years have also contributed towards making the Indian women more conscious about looks, beauty, grooming and aware of western cosmetic products and brands. More Indian consumers started using cosmetics and a small segment is also seen willing to pay a little more to look good. Indian consumers have a high degree of family orientation. This orientation in fact, extends to the extended family and friends as well. Brands with identities that support family values tend to be popular and accepted easily in the Indian market. Indian consumers are also associated with values of nurturing, care and affection. These values are far more dominant that values of ambition and achievement. Product which communicate feelings and emotions gel with the Indian consumers. The Indian rural market has been growing at 3-4% per annum, adding more than 1 million new consumers every year and now accounts for close to 50% of the volume consumption of fast-moving  consumer  goods in  India. The market size of the fast moving  consumer  goods sector is projected to more than double to US$ 23. 25 billion by 2010 from the present US$ 11. 16 billion. As a result, it is becoming an important market place for fast moving  consumer  goods as well as  consumer  durables with a positive consumer trends. However, in the absence of well known brands in selected product range, consumers are likely to take cues from well established retail outlets hoping that these outlets carry quality products. Consumers believe foreign brands vie increasingly with domestic brands for the growing cosmetics producing real quality. Criticism: The environmental awareness in  India  has started affecting marketing of products based upon their eco-friendliness. In general, Indian consumers are likely to buy environmentally responsible products and packs rather then as a whole. Irritant and allergic reactions may occur. Irritant reactions reflect a damaging effect  of the cosmetic or toiletry on the skin – an example would be the  effect  of too much soap or shampoo on the skin leading to chapping, dryness and soreness. Delicate areas of the body where the skin is naturally thinner such as the skin folds, face, and particularly the eyelids are most vulnerable to irritant reactions. Other sorts of cosmetic which can cause irritation include liquid foundation, mascaras, face masks, toners and anti-ageing creams. Some people suffer from a particularly sensitive skin and experience itching, burning or stinging within minutes of using a product. This is usually a form of irritation rather than allergy and is commoner in people with skin complaints such as rosacea and dermatitis which can react not to buy. Conclusion: Top class, middle class and lower class are income related classifications of the population and each of this class has its own consumption pattern which will have an effect on their ability to source finance for their lifestyle needs. This will mean the emergence of a new consuming class in India. Indian consumers have also developed lifestyles which have emerged from changing attitudes, mind and welcoming western influences and a need for self-gratification. Beauty parlours in cities, eateries, designer wear, watches, hi-tech products are instances which reflect these changes. Indian men and women really need more choice in cosmetics and toiletries that means various consumer trends and behaviour which could be positive sign on product mix and verities by the foreign investors in India. Recommendations: One of the main drivers of growth in natural cosmetics has been the consumer trend towards healthier lifestyles. Rightly or wrongly, good health is often associated in consumers’ minds with all things natural, while chemicals are considered by some to be the root of all evil. Consequently Dabur India comply these perceptions have given rise to demand for natural additives and ingredients used in cosmetics. Dabur India has to bear in mind that consumers in  India  are taking lead in prompting manufacturers to adopt technologies to produce eco-friendly products which changing Trends in Indian  Consumer  Behaviour. The future key for marketing could be to select more ethical and ecological responsible products and packaging, which is also convenient for consumers, thus, balancing environmental concerns with commercial considerations need to be maintained. Adaptation process is more appropriate than standardization in India for foreign investors. Working environment health safety, employee rights, fair trade, food safety, environmental awareness, corporate social responsibilities, charity has to be considered carefully to build up relationship with consumers.

Free Online Public Schools for Tennessee Students

Free Online Public Schools for Tennessee Students Tennessee offers resident students the opportunity to take online public school courses for free; indeed they can get their entire education via the internet. Below is a list of no-cost virtual schools currently serving elementary and high school students in Tennessee. To qualify for the list, schools must meet the following qualifications: classes must be available completely online, they must offer services to Tennessee residents, and they must be funded by the government. Tennessee Virtual Academy The Tennessee Virtual Academy is for students who are in kindergarten through eighth grade. The tuition-free school offers courses in six core subjects and is specifically geared toward students with minds that might wander when traditional classes are too slow as well as minds that get lost in the shuffle, (and) minds that need a little more time, according to the academys website. Additionally, the school notes that its program features: State-certified teachers, who are available online and by phoneIndividualized curriculum, which covers both the core subject areas and electivesOnline planning and assessment tools, resources, and hands-on materials ranging from textbooks to microscopes, from rocks and dirt to illustrated classic children’s stories.A supportive school community, which organizes fun and informative monthly activities where parents, students, and staff share their successes, difficulties, and helpful hints K12 K12, which as the name implies is for kindergarten through 12-grade students, is in many ways like a brick-and-mortar school, in that it: Does not charge tuitionUses state-certified or -licensed teachersFollows Tennessee state education requirements for standards and assessmentsResults in a high school diploma upon completion But, K12 notes that it differs from traditional brick-and-mortar classrooms in that: Students receive individualized education and personalized one-to-one support.Classes do not take place in a building but rather at home, on the road, or wherever an internet connection can be found.Parents and students communicate with their teacher via online classrooms, email, and phone, (but also sometimes in person). K12 is a full-time program that follows the traditional school-year calendar. You can expect that your child will spend 5 to 6 hours per day on coursework and homework, the virtual program says on its website. But students are not always in front of a computer- they also work on offline activities, worksheets, and projects as part of the school day. Tennessee Online Public School (TOPS) Founded in 2012, Tennessee Online Public School is part of the Bristol, Tennessee City Schools system and is a statewide public virtual school serving Tennessee students in grades nine to 12. TOPS notes that it is accredited by AdvancED and uses Google Apps for Education to provide students with cloud-based services and email as well as Canvas, an open-access learning website that offers courses in a variety of areas. Families do not pay tuition for a student to attend an online public school, TOPS notes, but adds: Common household items and office supplies like printer ink and paper are not provided. Other Options The Tennessee Department of Education promotes online schooling and notes that parents can enroll their children in online virtual schools that are not based in Tennessee. However, parents need to ensure that the school has a legitimate accreditation status and provide evidence to the local school district that their child is enrolled in an accredited online school. The school must be accredited by one of the following regional accrediting agencies: AdvancEDSACS CASI – Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Council on Accreditation and School ImprovementNCA CASI – North Central Association Commission on Accreditation and School Improvement.NWAC – Northwest Accreditation CommissionMiddle States Association of Colleges and Schools (MSA)MSCES – Middle States Commission on Elementary SchoolsMSCSS – Middle States Commission on Secondary SchoolsNew England Association of Schools and Colleges (NEASC)Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC)National Association of Independent Schools (NAIS) and affiliates (e.g., SAIS)National Council of Private School Accreditation (NCPSA) Note that many online schools do charge hefty fees, but there are just as many virtual schools that are free to public school students. If you find a virtual out-of-state school that sparks your interest, be sure to check for potential costs by typing tuition and fees in the school websites search bar. Then, fire up your PC or Mac and start learning online- for free.

Contrasts in Two Native American Tribes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Contrasts in Two Native American Tribes - Essay Example The researcher of this essay compares two Native American tribes, that were found on the continent when the first explorers arrived to the New World. Firstly, it was common practice to think of all Native Americans as one cultural group united by the simple idea that they all lived on the new common continent before the coming of the Europeans. However, just like the Europeans, though, Native American tribes found on the continent when the first explorers arrived were often very different from each other. The researcher states that tribes, such as the Apache and the Ottawa were very different from each other based not only on their geographic homeland, but also in their lifestyles and connections with Europeans. The researcher then aims to establish their cultural differencies and present them to the reader in a comparitive manner. For example, while both the Apache Indians and the Ottawas were established Native American tribes since well before the Europeans came, they had organize d themselves differently based to a large degree upon their locations. The Apache Indians lived in bands primarily on the North American plains of the Southwest, ranging â€Å"from southern Colorado to the Texas border and the Chiracahua also extended into Arizona. Western Apache lived in east-central Arizona, where they grew far more like the Navajo than the eastern Apache did. The reseracher then compares these tribes on the topic of cultural differencies and historic associations with each other as well as with Europeans.

EXPERIENCE FROM MEMORY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

EXPERIENCE FROM MEMORY - Essay Example Naturally, I am not a good artist-I am poor in drawing and things to do with painting. This explains why when notices were pinned all over the school notifying the students that a drawing competition was due and that the best candidate would win a prize, I was sure I would just do it for purposes of fulfilling the requirement of the notice but not pitching myself for the top candidate in the event. Therefore, my resolution was real and was based on the simple fact that, in our class was the best artist in the entire schools, and even one of the administration offices bore the portrait of the principal-courtesy of his handwork. It was thus unwise to imagine outsmarting such a person in competition he is much talented on that I was. Everybody was given two weeks to submit a completed portrait of the minister for Education through artistic drawing. It brought much hype I school with most of the normal school programs interrupted- during games and other activities; student would absconded such and attend to their portrait drawing. I gave up long ago and decided to do it last minute because there was going to be no difference. After one week, I took a different thought, I said to myself, why I cannot just do my best in this exercise so that I know where I rightly belong. I went to the library, took some of the basis drawing books read a few ideas on drawing like how to bring contrast, overlap and creation of desired impressions in drawing. From the basic knowledge, I went and downloaded one of the minister’s pictures in his joyful moments and started my work. I did my work in stages while keeping the deadline time, on the final day I was ready to deliver my drawing since I only had to fix the frame. Every other person did their best hoping to emerge the best, but with our guru friend I the picture I think all of us were after position two, unfortunately you count know this